Enzymes

Hepatic Enzymes and Other Liver Function Tests

Pancreatic Enzymes

Laboratory Evaluation of Acute Pancreatitis

Myocardial Enzymes and Other Markers of Myocardial Injury

Serum Proteins

Laboratory Methods

Major Serum Proteins

Patterns in Serum Protein Electrophoresis

CSF Protein Electrophoresis

Urine Protein Electrophoresis (UPEP; F1.9

Cryoglobulinemia

Acid-Base & Electrolytes

Sodium

Potassium

Calcium

Acid-Base Disorders

Renal Function

Renal Function Tests

Laboratory Screening for Chronic Kidney Disease

Laboratory Evaluation in Acute Renal Failure

Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS)

Laboratory Tests in Pregnancy

Amniotic Fluid Bilirubin

Maternal Serum Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Prenatal Screening for Trisomy and Neural Tube Defects

Assessing the Risk of Preterm Birth

Determination of Fetal Lung Maturity

Laboratory Evaluation of Diseases in Pregnancy

Toxicology

Drugs of Abuse Screening (Forensic Toxicology) T1.18

Overdose

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)

Lipids and Carbohydrates

Lipids

Tumor Markers

PSA

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)

Thyroglobulin

Tumor-Associated Trypsin Inhibitor (TATI)

Cancer Antigen (CA) 125

Cancer Antigens (CA) 27.29 and 15-3

Cancer Antigen (CA) 19-9

Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP)

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

β2-Microglobulin (β2M)

Lipid-Associated Sialic Acid in Plasma (LASA-P)

Alkaline Phosphatase

Markers of Neuroendocrine Tumors

Urine Markers for Urothelial Carcinoma

Urine PCA3/DD3 for Prostatic Carcinoma

Endocrine

Thyroid Chemistry

Adrenal Cortex

Pituitary

Postmortem Chemistries

Samples

Glucose

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine

Sodium and Chloride

Potassium

Digoxin

Tryptase and the Postmortem Diagnosis of Anaphylaxis

Body Fluids

Urine

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Pleural Fluid

Peritoneal Fluid (Ascites Fluid)

Synovial Fluid

Allogeneic Donor Testing

History & Physical Examination

Blood Collection T2.1

Laboratory Testing of Donor Blood

Pretransfusion Laboratory Testing

Proper Paperwork & Properly Identified Blood Samples

ABO & Rh Testing of Recipient Blood

Antibody Screen

Antibody Panel

Comparison with Prior Transfusion Records

Crossmatch

Labeling and Visual Inspection of Blood Prior to Issue

Blood Group Antigens

ABO

Rh

Kidd Blood Group System

Lewis Blood Group System: the Tangled Web of Le, Se, H, and ABO

Duffy

MNS System

Kell Blood Group

Lutheran

P Blood Groups

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)

Investigating a Positive Antibody Screen or Unexpected Crossmatch Incompatibility

Panels

Other Special Techniques

Autoantibodies

Warm-Reacting Antibodies

Cold-Reacting Autoantibodies

Drug-Induced Positive DAT

Neonatal and Intrauterine Transfusion

Maternal Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia (NATP)

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

Other Special Clinical Circumstances

Transfusion in Sickle Cell Disease

Emergency and Massive Transfusion

Blood Components T2.14

Red Cell Components

Platelets

Granulocyte Concentrates

Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)

Cryoprecipitated Anti-Hemophilic Factor (aka Cryo or Cryoprecipitate)

Irradiated Products

Leukoreduced Products

Washed Red Cells

Blood Substitutes

Transfusion Complications

The Workup of a Suspected Transfusion Reaction

Febrile, Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reactions

Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions

Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions (DHTR)

Bacterial Contamination

Transfusion-Associated Graft-vs-Host Disease (TAGVHD)

Transfusion-Associated Acute Lung Injury (TRALI)

Allergic Transfusion Reactions

Posttransfusion Purpura

Platelet Refractoriness

Infections

Blood Group Associations

Transfusion-Associated Metabolic Derangements

Assorted Blood Bank Take Home Points

Clinical Syndromes and Causative Agents

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Infectious Diarrhea

Pneumonia

Specific agents

Infective Endocarditis (IE)

Meningitis

Prosthetic Joint Infections and Other Clinical Syndromes

Vectors

Virology

Laboratory Methods

Viruses

Parasitology

Laboratory Methods

Protozoa

Metazoa

Parasitology Take Home Points

Mycology

Laboratory Methods

Isolate Growing in vitro

Yeast Identification

Bacteriology

Laboratory Methods

Specific Bacteria: Key Characteristics

Other Bacteriology Facts

Mycobacteria

Laboratory Methods

Important Species T3.40

Methods

Measurement of Total Hemoglobin

Red Blood Cell Indices

Leukocyte Indices

Platelets

Reticulocytes

Detection of Normal and Variant Hemoglobins

Histochemistry and Cytochemistry

Immunophenotyping

Molecular Techniques

Diseases of Red Blood Cells T4.5

Cytoskeletal Disorders

Enzyme Disorders

Miscellaneous Disorders

Hemoglobin Disorders

Extrinsic Red Cell Disorders T4.9

Approach to the Diagnosis of Anemia T4.19

Erythrocytosis

Nonneoplastic White Blood Cell Disorders

Functional and Morphologic Abnormalities

Nonneoplastic Lymph Node Proliferations

Neoplastic Hematopathology

B-Cell Neoplasms T4.24

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Lymphoma

Plasma Cell Neoplasms

Plasma Cell Myeloma or Multiple Myeloma (MM)

T-Cell Neoplasms

Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)

Myeloid Neoplasms

Mastocytosis

Hematopathology Take Home Points

Normal Hemostasis

Normal Hemostasis Occurs in 3 Steps

Normal Platelet Function

Normal Coagulation

Control of Coagulation

Laboratory Evaluation of Hemostasis

Laboratory Evaluation of Platelets

Laboratory Evaluation of Coagulation

Causes of Excessive Bleeding (Hemophilia)

Platelet Disorders

Coagulation Defects

Causes of Excessive Thrombosis (Thrombophilia)

Specific Causes of Thrombophilia T5.10

Prothrombin Variant (Prothrombin G20210A Mutation)

Elevated Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1 (PAI-1) Activity, Congenital or Acquired

Antiphospholipid (APL) Syndrome: Anti-Cardiolipin Antibody (ACA) and Lupus Anticoagulant (LAC) T5.11

Glycoprotein IIIa Polymorphisms

Thrombocytosis

Reactive Thrombocytosis

Anticoagulation Therapy

Coumadin (Warfarin)

Immune System Components

B Cells

T Cells

NK Cells

Granulocytes

Complement

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)

Laboratory Tests of Immune Function

Screening Tests

Testing B-Cell Function

Testing T-Cell Function

Testing NK-Cell Function

Testing Neutrophil Function

Testing Complement

Immunodeficiency

B-Cell Defects

T-Cell Defects

Neutrophil/Phagocytic Defects

Complement Deficiencies

Autoimmunity

Notes on Immunofluorescence Testing

Autoantibodies and Their Clinical Implication

Other Markers of Autoimmune Diseases

Autoimmune Diseases

Molecular Methods

Cytogenetics

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Southern Blot Analysis (SBA)

Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH) Studies

Microsatellite Instability

DNA Methylation

Important Terms and Concepts

Applications of Molecular Methods in Tumor Pathology

Demonstration of Lymphoid Clonality

Demonstration of Gene Rearrangements

Hereditary Cancer and Tumor Syndromes

Molecular Basis and Diagnosis of Specific Neoplasms

Applications of Molecular Studies in Nonneoplastic Disease

Diagnosis of Mendelian Disorders

Prenatal Diagnosis

Molecular Basis and Molecular Diagnosis of Specific Nonneoplastic Diseases

Interpretation of Laboratory Values

Definitions

Reference Intervals

Quality Control

The Westgard Rules

Proficiency Testing

Analytical Correlation

Analytical Sensitivity

Linearity

Interference

Preanalytic Variables

Physiologic Variables Affecting Blood Samples

Collection Parameters

Errors in Laboratory Medicine

Formulas and Units

Reticulocyte Proliferation Index (RPI)

International Normalized Ratio (INR)

Dose of Rh immune Globulin (RhIg)

Corrected (Platelet) Count Increment (CCI)

Anion Gap

Osmolal Gap

Friedewald Equation

Creatinine Clearance (ClCr

Fractional Excretion of Sodium (FENa)

Henderson-Hasselbach Equation

Standard Deviation (SD)

Coefficient of Variation (CV)

Corrected Serum Sodium in Hyperglycemia:

Corrected Serum Sodium in Hyperlipidemia:

Corrected Serum Sodium in Hyperproteinemia: